2.
  -2024
..  
 
:      :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. -            
  -       ?
2. -        
-
3. '  - '        

 ?
4. -   -, , ,    
-
5.  (   ) , 1974 '    
2.
6.  -     -  ,   
 
-
7. -      
8. 
        ?      
     
  -2024
..  
 
:      :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. -            
  -       ?
:   
   '  ,      , 
         
        
   ?  ,            , 
             ,  , 
           , 
    
 ,
                 
            
2.
   ,  ,    ,  -
      ,  
 :   
     
;  ,         
   
 :
1.  - , , , ,     
2. - - , , , , , 
3.    -  ,  ,   ,   ,

    , ,    '     , 
         ,     ' 
      ,       
  
   
   
          1960       ,
         -    
,  ,          
   1950           ,  
 
  '         21
      
, ,  ,          
 
 ,   , -        
 
      
       
 ;  ,  
      -    :
2.
1.  
        
      
               
2.  
        
       
,      
  ,       
3.  
        
,             
      (        

  )     
4.  
          
          
    - ,   -,    
   
 (  - )       
5.   
           
             ,   
  
             
 ,      ,       
     
- 
       '   :   

2.
        ,    (NPK) 
  ,                ,  
   :
  :       
    '  
 
 :          "  " 
    
  :    ,   
  

       ,       
 :
  :  ,      ,  
      
   :   ,      
  :   -     '    
     
-:          , 
  '      
 ,       -     '  
,    '   
-       ?
    
  -            
       ?     :
1.     (INM)
    (,   ,  )  
           
 
2.  
   '    , ,  - 
     
      
3.  
2.
,               
 ,       
4.    (IPM)
      ,   ( , ),
  (, 
),  -     
'  
5.  
 ,  ,       
      ,          
6.   
      ,        
    
    
-     

     
     
      :
2.

             ,   
  -       ,    ,   ,
              
        
 -        
   
 
 ,          ,    
              
 ,    
   ' ,      ' 
       -      ,     
  , 
             
 
2. -        
:󷊆󷊇    ?
          '       
              ,   
  
   , , ,   -   
󷈴󷈶󷈵1.   -   
                    
       
 :
  (PV) :        
  :             
   :            
 
:
       
2.
      
 ,  ,       
:
   
,   
         

:             , , 

󷉭󷉮󷉯󷉰2.   -   
    
        ,      
           
 :
         
   ,      
:
       
  -     
:
  
 ,        

:         -    ,      
 ,       
󹲡3. - -    
          ,     

  - ,           
 :
      
    
   
 ,    
2.
:
      '    
      
:
  
       

: -          -      
      
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌4.   -   -  
      - ,       -  
 ,          
 :
  (,   - ,   )    
    
            , 
         
:
      
      
    
  
:
 - 
 
      
- (   CO₂   )

:              
󷇤󷇥󷇠󷇡󷇢󷇣󷇦5. -  -   
    
              
   -  
2.
 :
           
            
:
-     
     
:
   ( '  
)
  

: -           ""   
 
󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛6.     -   
     , 
 
        
      
 :
 :            
 :       
:
     
:
  
      

:        ,      
  
󼩺󼩻     


 
 
 
   
, 
 ,  -
2.

  

, -
-
 
, 
, -

 
 , 
- ,   
 
-
  
, 
, 
/
  

, 
󼩺󼩻 ( )
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
1.  -      
 
2.  -   '  
3.  -       
4. -       
 
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
     
 -       
               ,    
,    ,    ,     
 
     
     
2.
     
     
-        
         
  ,       
       
  ,        ,   
 ,   
  '         ,    -

          
-
3. '  - '        

 ?
:               
,             ,    
,              ,     
        
 -           
        -      
 
  ?
          -       -
, ,       -       :    

       
?    
-   
 

?
 
       ,   ,  , , ,
,           -     
          -    
 ,     
    
      10       
 ,        - ""     
 -  ,  
         
 
1. - 
2.
      ,         , 
              ,
  ,         
 
2.  
    ,         
 ,  ,           
       -  ,  , ,   
  - 
3.  
   ,               
,                ,
 ,            
4. - 
             ,   
       
       ,    ,
     
 
5.  
                  
                   
 ,   -   ,  ,        
      
6.  
       ,          ,
,      ()   '          
 
 ,           
7.   
  ,         ,  
       ,        
          
8. - 
2.
     "  "    
  -  
   , ,       
 , ,  
        -        
9.  
  7,500              
 ,   ,            
         
10. 
 , ,            
 
 , - ,     -     
    '   

        
(     ;   
       
 )
2.
     
  ?
    :     
     " 
"  ?
"  "             
   190    ,  17       , 
         :
1.   
         ,   
    
  ,            
       
2.   
     47,000     96,000   
   
       7.6%,   12.6%,   6.2%, 
    6.0%     
3. (      ) 30%    
 ,        , -    (
),  ,  -     
4.        
 ,            -  
      ,      ,  ,   
            
5.  ' 
       '   - -, ,  -
     -       
  
   -      
         ,     '   
      , 
  -    ,   
        ,     
  ,
            
     
 -        , ,
, ,    ,          
             
2.

       
      
 - 
     ,       
    
  ,        ,    
          
   
   ,  
   ,      
 
 -          
   

  ,   
      
    

    ,      
 
 ,    - 
 '          
  : 
4. -   -, , ,    
:󷊆󷊇-   -
    (, ,  )            
  (, , )    
      
   -        -  -   
    (, ,  )    (, , ,
 )   
-       71%    , 
     
 
    ,    ,    ,  
    
  :  -           
        
󷇙󷇚󷇜󷇝󷇞󷇟󷇛-   
-    '       :
1.    
, ,        
 
2.
:     ,   
-:
( : , )
( : , )
(, )
2.   
      

     70%    
:  ,   ,    
-:
  (, ,  )
   (   )
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-    
1.   -    ,  ,     
   
2.  -            ; 
   
3.   -    -       
       
4.    - ,     
  
5.  -        , -   
   
6. -      ,  ,    (
,    )   '  
󼩺󼩻-   
-               
1.  
()
(    )
2.
(   )
(, , )
(     )
2.  
        :
 ()
o -  
o   
          
o : ,   
 ()
o       '  
o  :  ,  
o  :  , 
o    : , , 
 ()
o       
o : , 
o       
󽁌󽁍󽁎-   
-   - 
 -       
  
1.   
 :   -      
 : ,     
 :      
2.  
 :   -  
:       
 : , ,      
3.   
 :  CO₂       
 :      
2.
 :         
4.  
       
   ,      
󼩺󼩻-     
󷗿󷘀󷘁󷘂󷘃  
 -   -   :
     (, ,  ) 
      (  ) 
 
    ,       
    ,          
  ,            ,    
  
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
-        :
,     
2.
      
        
         ,  -      
    -          
 
 -            
 ,   
 , ,     ,   - 
 
 
   
  ,   ,  - 
           
   

-
5.  (   ) , 1974 '    

:     :         

              -    
 ,      ,   '   ,   
     ,           
  -               
   ,      ,      
  -,  ""    ,    ,   

 ,         
    
;  1960      1970       
         ,  ,   
              
 ,     - , ,  -      ,
 (    ) , 1974   
      
;          
         ,       
   
  ,             ,  
        -         ,
2.
     ,  
  1970   ,    
     
1972 ,              ,
               ,   
          1974     - 
             
  
 , 1974          :
1.       -    , 
        
2.         -      
 
3.      -    ,    
     '  
4.         ,    
       
5.        - 
     
 
 -  ,           
   :          
   
        ' -- :
1. 
o              ,   
      
 
o             - 
2.    
o        :
    (CPCB)-   '
    (SPCBs)-   '
o        
3.   
2.
o     
 ,     , 
    
o     ,        ,
   ,    '     

4.   
o           ()    
 
         
 
o    '   ,        (
  
     )
5.   
o           
o        
o        
o          
6. 
o           (3   6  )
      
o    '    
7.   
o      '        
       
  
     
?    
:
 :    ,          
        
 
 : -          
    
 : ,             
    '     
     :       (1986) 
     

:   
2.
        '     1980   , 
                  
   ,         
:  , 1974  
        :
  
        
  (  ) 
       
           
  
   ,     :
1.       ,       
2.  -      
2.
3.    
-          
    
4.   '   -         

(     )
  
1988 ,             

 ,         , 1986  
  
,               
 
:     
   ,    : "  , 
    " 
(    ) , 1974      , 
             
   

    ,       
        ,    ,  
 ,          
,    ,     ,       
             
 ,   
        
 ,  —1974   
-                   
   
6.  -     -  ,   
 
: -   -
-"      
     
 -   ,  ,   , , ,     
2.
 ,               

-  (SWM) -   , - ,  ,
             
  : SWM            
 ,                
󷆧󷆗󷆨󷆩󷆚󷆿󷆛󷇀󷇁󷇂󷆜󷇃󷆝󷆾 -  
    
 -           ' 
:
1.  
 =   =  - 
      
-      
  
2. 
     -    ,    ,
     
3.      
 ,          -  '
    
 
 "  "     
4.   
  , ,      
5.   
   - -  
 , 
     
6.   
    ,   ,    
  
 
2.

:              
 ,  
               ' -     
󽁔󽁕󽁖 -  
       ,         

 -      
1.   
   ,      ,  ,   
 
 
        ,       
2.  
     ,       
 (    )      
          
3.    
        
    
 
 -   -   
 
4.  
     '     
 -       
 
5.      
       
       ,   -   

:              ,    ,
   ,      
        
   
󺬣󺬡󺬢󺬤 -   
      -         
    -    3Rs    : ,  ,
,         
2.
1.  ' - 
  ' -   (, )  -
(, )      
-   (    ,     )    
 
2.   
-          
             
3.   
 :  -        
: ,           

  -: -   -     
   
4.  
   ,     '      
    
            
5.    
            
"  "        
6.     
    -      
   -      
       
7.  
   (EPR):   -    
 :    '     
 ' :  ' -  
󼩺󼩻 -    
2.
󷗿󷘀󷘁󷘂󷘃  
               ,   ,
   -          ,   
   '   ,       ,     
        
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
 -        
 -    ,  
        
:  , , ,   
:  ,  ,  ,   
 : - , ,  ,  ,
 ,    
 ,          
      
    ,      ,      
   , -,      
 ,   
  ,   
    
  ,
 -                 
 
2.
-
7. -      
:             ,   
- - ,             
                ,   
  
       ,     
   ,    ,        
  
    ,          
           ,  
               
    ?
            
,             
  ' :
1.      
2.     
3.     
4.        
  ,           , 
              
 
   
 ?
         :
          
         
       
     ,        
2.
    ,            
,   ,  ,      
 -,             
      
  -   
      -        
    '      
       
   
1.     (1952  )
               
               

       ,      ,    
             
 :
, ,       ' 
    
         
          

2.      ( )
 ,          ,   
     MCH     
 :
     (   )   
     
   
 
,          

     '    
   ,      ,     
  ,             
2.
3.     (NRHM)
   '          - 
    ,        
 :
   (PHC)  -   
         
           
    
     -      
    
4.   
             
            
 :
    : ,   
   ,
   (IUD)
    :     
               
 ,            , 
   '          
5.     (ICDS)
  -            
         
 
 :
         
2.
       
3-6       -     
 
,        ,      
      
6.    (JSY)
     '    ,      
         
 :
    
      
 
           
            
 ,
          
7.     (RKSK)
            
     
 :
     
       
         
    
            
 
    
 ,              :
1.       (MMR)-        
2.
2.     (IMR)-      
  
3.    -  ,      
4.   -         
5.  -            
:      
       
  :
  
            
    

            
   ,           
  ,                ,
            ,    ,
    -   
   
, 
         
,  ,        ,    , 
     ,          
2.
8. 
        ?      
     
:󷊆󷊇      
     
 
    ,   

 ,    
 
 ,       -       '
  
1.   
         
   , ,          

:                
   
2.   
    
 
  , ,    
 
:  -         

3.   
    
 
           ,    
     
4.   
           
 
    , ,     -
 
 
5.    
       
   ,          

:           ,  
- 
     ,  
  
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       
: , ,    
  ':    ,  ,   

  ':      
    
 
 
 ,          
 -   
  
󹳾󹳿󹴀󹴁󹴂󹴃         
   
 :           
              , 
 ,     
1.  
     ,   ,      
    
:    (AQI)    -     

 
:     (       
)
2.    (GIS)
        , ,     
 
 
:        -   

:   -         
3.  
  ,         
:            
:         
 
4.   
      ,       
     
2.
: COVID-19 ,   ,     
:  ,  ,   
5.   -
    -  ,      
 
:       
    -
 
: ,  
 ,         
6.      (AI)
  ,            
  
:             
:     
7.   
 ,          
  
 
:            
:       
8.     (  )
 ,   ,           
 
:   IoT         
 
:  ,  
󼩺󼩻:     ..
2.
󷗿󷘀󷘁󷘂󷘃  
   
       ,   ( )   
    ,     
   , ,    '    
      -       
  ,        
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
           ,  ,  
   '    
 ,      
-     ,        
  -
  ,    ,   ,     
 ,      ,      
       
   ,  , ,      
    
 ,              ,
       ,       
"               

       ,         "
2.